The Changing Landscape of Ancient Rome. Archaeology and History of the Palatine Hill

About this course: Studying ancient - as well as medieval or modern - cities basically means telling local urban stories based on the reconstruction of changing landscapes through the centuries. Given the fragmentary nature of archaeological evidence, it is necessary to create new images that would give back the physical aspect of the urban landscape and that would bring it to life again. We are not just content with analyzing the many elements still visible of the ancient city. The connections between objects and architectures, visible and non visible buildings, which have been broken through time have to be rejoined, to acknowledge the elements that compose the urban landscape. Landscape and its content are a very relevant and still vital part of any national cultural heritage. The course will introduce students to the way we have been reflecting on over the last twenty years and still are engaged with the study of the past of our cities, beginning from the most complex case in the ancient Mediterranean World: the core of Italy and of Roman Empire. On the other hand, knowledge means also preservation and defense of material remains and cultural memory. “The Changing Landscape of Ancient Rome. Archeology and History of the Palatine Hill” presents to a large public the topographical lay-out of the most relevant part of the city (according the Greek and Roman Historians Rome was founded on the Palatine). Research developed on the Palatine since the end of last century by the team of Sapienza Classical Archaeologists opened a new phase in the urban archaeological investigation and in the scientific debate about the relation between archaeological features and literary tradition as well as the “correct use“ of both kind of evidence, key issues of wide archaeological and historical significance.

Who is this class for: The course is aimed at anyone interested in the history of ancient Rome and preservation and enhancement of cultural heritage and teaches the methods and techniques to achieve it.

Created by:  Sapienza University of Rome

• Taught by:  Paolo Carafa, Prof.

Level Beginner Language English Hardware Req The course requires only basic knowledge, which will be acquired by the end of the Module 1 and it can be used at different levels by specialists in Classical Antiquity, specialists involved in heritage management and/or planning of any kind of works in urban and/or rural areas, university students interested in professional development in the field of Archaeology and Tourism or merely interested public. For this reason, the course can be useful for approaching these issues even in high school and, in particular, may contribute to the orientation towards the choice of university studies. How To Pass Pass all graded assignments to complete the course. User Ratings 4.1 stars Average User Rating 4.1See what learners said Coursework

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Sapienza University of Rome Sapienza University of Rome, founded in 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII, is the oldest University in Rome and the largest in Europe. Since its founding over 700 years ago, Sapienza has played an important role in Italian history and has been directly involved in key changes and developments in society, economics and politics. It has contributed to the development of Italian and European science and culture in all areas of knowledge. The main campus, designed by Marcello Piacentini, was opened in 1935. It is situated close to the city centre, and is the largest in Europe - a real city within a city where teaching activities are integrated with libraries and museums as well as comprehensive student services. Faculties and Departments also carry out their activities in decentralized locations in different parts of the city. There are two other university campuses elsewhere in Lazio. Sapienza offers a vast array of courses including degree programmes, PhD courses, one to two year professional courses, and Specialization Schools in many disciplines, run by 63 Departments and 11 Faculties.

Syllabus


WEEK 1


From ruins to a full evidence local history (methods, procedures, tools)



As a welcome module, the course will start discussing how we can move back through time and space to draw an updated archeological chart of the Palatine, to be integrated when possible with missing or lost part of the ancient overall framework, in order to be turned into the basic tool for describing diachronically architectural and topographical continuity and discontinuity. This aiming at the reconstructions of sequences of facts and at a historical reconstruction tout-court. By the end of this module you will able to: - classify archaeological evidence - draw an archaeological chart - try to integrate missing part of buildings/monuments if possible


8 videos expand

1. Video: Introduction
2. Video: 1.1 Classical Archaeology: artifacts (objects, architectures, landscapes) and history.
3. Video: 1.2 Talking with objects: from pots to Chronology.
4. Video: 1.3 Talking with earth, stones and bricks: from layers and walls to History
5. Video: 1.4 Introduction to ancient Rome.
6. Video: 1° tutorial
7. Video: 2° tutorial
8. Video: 3° tutorial

Graded: From ruins to a full evidence local history (methods, procedures, tools)

WEEK 2


From a border land to the largest settlement in Latium (13th–9th cent. b.c.e.)



The whole story of city parts begins before the foundation of the city itself. In this module we will discuss how archaeological evidence and roman cultural memory allow to envision the faster and faster development from a number of dispersed peer communities to unified settlement, anticipating and somehow preparing the birth of the City. By the end of this module you will able to: - identify central Italian Bronze and Iron Age artifacts - define and identify pre- and proto-urban topographical and social organization - try to compare archaeological features and literary tradition


4 videos expand

1. Video: 2.1 Before the City: pre-urban and proto-urban epoch.
2. Video: 2.2 Latium from Bronze Age to Iron age.
3. Video: 2.3 Rome from Bronze Age to Iron age.
4. Video: 2.4 Palatine from Bronze Age to Iron age.

Graded: From a border land to the largest settlement in Latium (13th–9th cent. b.c.e.)

WEEK 3


A city - ruled by kings - is born (8th – 7th century b.c.e.).



April 21st year 753 before common era. This is the day when the Romans believed their city had been founded. And they were probably right. According to the Roman foundation legend, a prince born in Alba Longa by a god and the young king’s daughter - Romulus - founded the city. He celebrated an elaborated rite on the Palatine, killed his twin brother - Remus - encircled the Palatine with a sacred wall, gave the Romans a constitution and reigned over the new born city for 37 years. Thanks to the results of our recent archaeological excavations we know now that the core of the legend is true. By the end of this module you will able to: - discuss present state of scientific debate about the birth of the city in Central Italy - define and identify urban political organizations - identify Late Iron Age and Early Archaic artifacts and building techniques.


4 videos expand

1. Video: 3.1 The foundation of Rome: myth and rites.
2. Video: 3.2 The foundation of Rome: archaeology
3. Video: 3.3 Palatine during the reigns of earlier kings 1.
4. Video: 3.4 Palatine during the reigns of earlier kings 2.

Graded: A city - ruled by kings - is born (8th – 7th century b.c.e.).

WEEK 4


New kings before a new State (6th – 3rd century b.c.e.).



Just one hundred and fifty years after the foundation, huts and pebble streets were substituted by more substantial buildings and paved streets. On and around the Palatine, as well as in other districts of the city, Houses and temples resting on squared blocks foundations and covered by roofs made of clay tiles replaced huts. Streets were paved by rock slabs and new drains allowed to keep lower areas dry, even during flooding winter seasons. In year 509 before common era, the king was sent into exile and two young aristocrats declared themselves first annual magistrates of a new State: the Roman Republic. From the 5th to the end of the 3rd century before common era, Rome had to fight to survive and the urban lay-out of the hill is not altered by relevant changes. By the end of this module you will able to: - discuss major changes occurred between the late archaic period, early- and mid- republican phases in Rome - define and identify a certain number of Roman monuments and/or places - identify Late Archaic and early/middle Repubblican artifacts, decorations and building techniques


4 videos expand

1. Video: 4.1 Rome during the reigns of later kings.
2. Video: 4.2 Palatine during the reigns of later kings: noble residences and cult places.
3. Video: 4.3 From Monarchy to Republic.
4. Video: 4.4 Palatine during late republican period.

Graded: New kings before a new State (6th – 3rd century b.c.e.).

WEEK 5


The Masters of an Empire (2nd - end of 1st century b.c.e.)



In the course of nearly three hundred years – from 509 till 202 b.c.e. - central, southern and northern Italy were conquered by the Romans and included into the Roman political organization as submitted or allied territories. Later on, year 146 b.c.e. was the real turning point. Greece became a Roman Province. Carthage – a city in north Africa, Rome’s enemy number one – was destroyed. The Mediterranean sea was roman: Mare nostrum, they called it: “Our Sea”. The republican political system was still working but this was, in fact, the beginning of a new Empire. The luxurious residences of the most eminent civil and political actors - nobles, knights, senators, magistrates and so forth - were on the Palatine, “the most beautiful part of the City”. By the end of this module you will able to: discuss major changes occurred during the Late Republican phase in Rome define and identify a certain number of Roman monuments and/or places identify Late Repubblican artifacts, decorations and building techniques


4 videos expand

1. Video: 5.1 Palatine during late republican period.
2. Video: 5.2 Temples
3. Video: 5.3 Houses 1
4. Video: 5.4 Houses 2 (the house of Octavianus).

Graded: The Masters of an Empire (2nd - end of 1st century b.c.e.)

WEEK 6


The Capital of the Empire (end of 1st century b.c.e. – beginning of 1st century c.e.)



Year 31 b.c.e. After nearly fifty year of Civil Wars, a 32 years old man, son of a sister of Julius Caesar, defeated his last enemy. Few years later - 27 and 23 b.c.e. – Roman Senators assigned him an immense power, asking him to watch over a new era of peace and respect for Roman laws and ancient traditions. They called him Augustus, a word meaning “blessed by Jupiter the king of the Gods”. The nephew of Julius Caesar became the first Emperor of Rome, and choose the Palatine as his own residing place. By the end of this module you will able to: - discuss major changes occurred between Late Republican phase and Augustan age in Rome - define and identify a certain number of Roman monuments and/or places - identify Augustan artifacts, decorations and building techniques


4 videos expand

1. Video: 6.1 From Republic to Empire
2. Video: 6.2 Palatine after the battle of Actium (year 31st b.c.e.)
3. Video: 6.3 The House of Augustus 1
4. Video: 6.4 The House of Augustus 2

Graded: The Capital of the Empire (end of 1st century b.c.e. – beginning of 1st century c.e.)

WEEK 7


The Golden City (1st – 2nd century c.e.).



Imperial Rome was much more like a contemporary metropolis than we can imagine. Urban landscape, in particular on and around the Palatine, was crowded by: luxury residences and, first among them, the Imperial Palace on the Palatine; buildings for spectacles; baths: buildings for leisure and culture; temples and cult places for traditional gods and for new gods, that is the deified emperors; blocks of multiple storey buildings. This is how Rome should have looked like when poets and writers called her the “Golden City” (Aurea Roma). By the end of this module you will able to: - discuss major changes occurred during Early Imperial period in Rome - define and identify a certain number of Roman monuments and/or places - identify Early Imperial artifacts, decorations and building techniques


4 videos expand

1. Video: 7.1 Palatine after the death of Augustus (Julio-Claudian dynasty).
2. Video: 7.2 The great fire of year 64 c.e. and Nero’s Palatine.
3. Video: 7.3 A new palace for the Emperor
4. Video: 7.4 The slopes of the Palatine

Graded: The Golden City (1st – 2nd century c.e.).

WEEK 8


The Golden City and her decline (3rd – 6th century c.e.)



The embellishment of the city went on for a little further. At the beginning of the 4th century, Constantine the Great, first Christian Emperor, restored the imperial palace on the Palatine and also offered in different parts of the city monumental churches to the “new” God of the “new” Faith. The “Golden Rome”, even if wounded and besieged by the so-called “Barbarian People” pressing from East Europe and Middle East, still preserved her splendor. 476 A.D.: The German King Odoacre dethrones the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus. 535 A.D.: Justinianus Emperor of Byzantium – once the capital of the eastern part of the Roman Empire - send a fleet and an army to Italy in order to “free Rome from the Barbarians”. 552 A.D.: 27 years later. War is over at last and the generals sent by Justinianus conquer Rome. But less than one thousand people lived in the urban area. Small churches, huts, small herb and vegetables gardens, tombs were scattered here and there in the vast area of the nearly empty city, between the skeletons of the ancient ruined buildings. By the end of this module you will able to: - discuss major changes occurred during Middle and Late Imperial period in Rome - define and identify a certain number of Roman monuments and/or places - identify Middle and Late Imperial artifacts, decorations and building techniques.


4 videos expand

1. Video: 8.1 A larger and larger imperial Palace
2. Video: 8.2 A late noble residence
3. Video: 8.3 A new sanctuary for the goddess Vesta
4. Video: 8.4 Churches on the Palatine

Graded: The Golden City and her decline (3rd – 6th century c.e.)